. The student's American history . e United States.* mind. He says, in speaking of the strength of the Union armies in thefield, all present were generally counted, while the Confederates countednone but the actual combatants — in other words, the if^^/zW strength —of their forces. See Grants Memoirs, II. 290. So, too, the estimate oflosses cannot be taken in any instance as entirely reliable. .See Phisterers Statistical Record, in Campaigns of the Civil War, p. 213. * The armies of the United States were commanded by the Presidentas Commander-in-Chief under the Constitution ; and under him, a
. The student's American history . e United States.* mind. He says, in speaking of the strength of the Union armies in thefield, all present were generally counted, while the Confederates countednone but the actual combatants — in other words, the if^^/zW strength —of their forces. See Grants Memoirs, II. 290. So, too, the estimate oflosses cannot be taken in any instance as entirely reliable. .See Phisterers Statistical Record, in Campaigns of the Civil War, p. 213. * The armies of the United States were commanded by the Presidentas Commander-in-Chief under the Constitution ; and under him, as General-commanders, by Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott until Nov. 6, 1S61 ;followed by Major-General George B. McClellan until March 11, 1862;(from March 11 to July 12, 1S62, there was no General-Commander); Major-General Henry W. Halleck from July 12, 1862, to March 12, 1864; Lieu-tenant-General U. S. Grant from March 12, 1864, to March 4, 1S69. Onthe Confederate side, General Braxton P>ragg held the office of military. DEFENCES OF WASHINGTON, showing the girdle of sixty forts which protected it during the war. 1861.] THE WAR OF SECESSION. 415 McClellan spent the remainder of 1861 in converting anarmy of civilians — many of whom had never handled a gunin their lives —? into an army of disciplined soldiers. In thisrespect he did a great work and prepared the way for Unionsuccess. General Meade, the victor at Gettysburg, said: Had there been no McClellan there could have been noGrant. Meanwhile Confederate forces from Arkansas and Texas hadinvaded Missouri and had made a desperate effort to carry theState over to secession. General Lyon, succeeded by Fremontand Halleck, gradually drove the invaders southward.* Theywere finally routed with great slaughter at Pea Ridge, Arkansas(March 7-8, 1862). On the Atlantic coast, Union naval expeditions took the Con-federate forts (1861) at Hatteras Inlet, Hilton Head, and PortRoyal on the coast of the Carolinas ; Roanoke Isla
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