. A description and history of vegetable substances, used in the arts, and in domestic economy . sters of Italy is,in some respects, owing to the panels of larch onwhich they are executed. The objects for which larch timber seems prefer-able to every other, are chiefly these :—gates, palings,posts of all kinds that are inserted either in the earthor in water, wooden buildings, many agricultural im-plements, cottage furniture, bridges and gangways,carriages for transporting stones and all hard andrough materials, barrows for builders and road-ma-kers, lighters, fenders, and embanking piles, loc
. A description and history of vegetable substances, used in the arts, and in domestic economy . sters of Italy is,in some respects, owing to the panels of larch onwhich they are executed. The objects for which larch timber seems prefer-able to every other, are chiefly these :—gates, palings,posts of all kinds that are inserted either in the earthor in water, wooden buildings, many agricultural im-plements, cottage furniture, bridges and gangways,carriages for transporting stones and all hard andrough materials, barrows for builders and road-ma-kers, lighters, fenders, and embanking piles, lockand dock gates for canals and harbours, coal andlime waggons, vessels for carrying lime, pit-props,and hop-poles of the smaller thinnings. For allthese pur])oses, and many minor ones, larch wouldcome considerably cheaper than any timber now inuse ; and would, in the average of them, last at leastthrice as long,—the saving to the public would thusbe immense; and the lands upon which an abundant 56 VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. supply niisrht be raised in every county, are at pre-sent lying ^ Spruce—Pinus abies. The Norway Spruce Fir (Pm//s abies) is probablythe loftiest of the pine tribe in Europe. Though ithas not reached so great an elevation in this country,it has been found in Norway, from one hundred andtifty to two hundred feet in height. The history ofit in Britain reaches back for at least a hundred years ;and as it grows very rapidly, forms excellent shelter,has a majestic appearance, and is always in leaf, ithas been introduced more generally perhaps thanthe quality of the timber deserves. The timber iswhite, soft, and far from durable. The Americanspruces are, the Hemlock Spruce, the white, theblack, and the red,—the colours of the latter re-ferring to the bark, and not to the timber, thatbeing of the same white colour in them all. Thespruce which grows in this country is seldom usedbut for the coarsest purposes, in consequence of its THE NORWAY SPRUCE FIR. S^
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