. Printing and writing materials: their evolution . for many years. The housewas subsequently known as the Johnson Foundry,afterwards as the Mac Kellar, Smiths & Jordanbranch of the American Type-Founders foundries were also established in NewYork, early in the nineteenth century, by ElihuWhite and D. & G. Bruce. Until near the middle of the nineteenth cen-tury, all type was cast by hand. About 1828WilHam M. Johnson, of Long Island, made theexperiment of casting type by machinery, but histypes were too light and porous to be of practicaluse. In 1838 David Bruce, jr., of New
. Printing and writing materials: their evolution . for many years. The housewas subsequently known as the Johnson Foundry,afterwards as the Mac Kellar, Smiths & Jordanbranch of the American Type-Founders foundries were also established in NewYork, early in the nineteenth century, by ElihuWhite and D. & G. Bruce. Until near the middle of the nineteenth cen-tury, all type was cast by hand. About 1828WilHam M. Johnson, of Long Island, made theexperiment of casting type by machinery, but histypes were too light and porous to be of practicaluse. In 1838 David Bruce, jr., of New York,S§by mS-^ took out a patent for a type-casting machine whichc inery. ^^^ more successful. This machine was after-wards improved and was generally adopted bythe foundries of the United States; it was gradu- TYPE-FOUNDING 59 ally introduced, with modifications, into Europeanfoundries. Type-metal is an alloy of melted lead, tin, andantimony, sometimes hardened by an addition of Type-metal,copper or nickel. Large types for posting-bills. BRUCE TYPE-CASTING MACHINE. are made from close-grained wood, such as box,maple, or pear; for this purpose, types of woodare lighter and cheaper than those made frommetal. The tools made before the letter is cast are, first,the Counter-punch and the Punch, or more fre- 60 TYPE-FOUNDINQ The tools. The counter-punch. The punch. quently at the present day, an engraved Master-type; from the punch or the master-type is madethe Matrix, or the mould for the letter or face ofthe type. The tool termed the Mould is that whichholds the matrix during the process of casting. The punch-cutter first draws a geometricalframework, on which is determined the position ofeach line and the height of each character. Thebeauty of a printed page consists in the apparentprecision of the types. The characters must seemuniform in every particular, but some allowancemust be made for optical delusions; occasional devi-ations must also be made to render each letterpleasin
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, booksubjectbookbin, bookyear1901
