. Electrolytes in biological systems, incorporating papers presented at a symposium at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 8, 1954 . 120 150 Increasing the outside concentration of sodium chloride leads to increase of both intlux and outflux of sodium (70). The former, however, is increased more than the latter, which is to say that net salt accumulation increases upon raising the outside XaCl concentration. On the other hand, steeper gradients for NaCl are generated by skin in diluted as compared to skin in normal or more concen- trated Ringer's (24; fi
. Electrolytes in biological systems, incorporating papers presented at a symposium at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 8, 1954 . 120 150 Increasing the outside concentration of sodium chloride leads to increase of both intlux and outflux of sodium (70). The former, however, is increased more than the latter, which is to say that net salt accumulation increases upon raising the outside XaCl concentration. On the other hand, steeper gradients for NaCl are generated by skin in diluted as compared to skin in normal or more concen- trated Ringer's (24; fig. 6). The pH of the outside solution has little efifect on Na intlux until pH is below approximately 5. Then, Na influx decreases con- siderably (70). The inside of the skin is highly sensitive to pH changes, as noted by Meyer and Bernfeld in their studies on the dependence of skin poten- tial on the pH of the environment (51). Ussing found that low pH values give low values for sodium influx and vice versa (70). This has been confirmed in studies on net rates of salt uptake (24). Moderate elevation in COo tension of the saline solutions on both sides of the skin reduced sodium influx, but left sodium outflux practically unchanged. Skin potentials were diminished (70). Lowering the temperature of the saline solutions from 25°C, in the controls, to 3°C,in the
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