. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 23-1 Left, montane forest in Oregon—a virgin stand of ponderosa pine. Below, forest, tundra in northern Manitoba, composed of spruce and tamaracli with the ground covered with a thick layer of moss ond lichens (courtesy W. P. Gillespie). Olive-sided flycatclier Gray jay Common raven Red-breasted nuthatch Brown creeper Winter wren Hermit thrush Swainson's thrush Golden-crowned kinglet Ruby-crowned kinglet Solitary vireo Nashville warbler Wilson's warbler Purple finch Pine grosbeak Pine siskin Red crossbill Lincoln's sparrow !\orth Ameriran boreal forest bi
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. FIG. 23-1 Left, montane forest in Oregon—a virgin stand of ponderosa pine. Below, forest, tundra in northern Manitoba, composed of spruce and tamaracli with the ground covered with a thick layer of moss ond lichens (courtesy W. P. Gillespie). Olive-sided flycatclier Gray jay Common raven Red-breasted nuthatch Brown creeper Winter wren Hermit thrush Swainson's thrush Golden-crowned kinglet Ruby-crowned kinglet Solitary vireo Nashville warbler Wilson's warbler Purple finch Pine grosbeak Pine siskin Red crossbill Lincoln's sparrow !\orth Ameriran boreal forest bioriation This biociation extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains in Canada and south on the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia (Shelford and Olson 1935. Kendeigh 1947, 1948, Munroe 1956). There is a broad overlap or fusion between the boreal and montane forest biociations in the northern Rockies where species of one biociation penetrate into the other (Rand 1945, Drury 1953). Characteristic mammals that occur generally through the boreal and pine-hemlock forests, in addi- tion to those listed in the above section, are: Arctic shrew Masked shrew Smoky shrew Pigmy shrew Star-nosed mole Hoary bat Least chipmunk Northern bog lemming Capper's red-backed mouse Ungava phenacomys Rock vole Meadow jumping mouse Woodland jumping mouse American marten Fisher P'rmine Least weasel Wolverine I .ynx Moose Woodland caribou. Bird species found in this biociation are listed in Table 23-L This biociation is especially notable for the large representation of wood warblers in the avi- fauna, each with its own specialized niche (Mac- Arthur 1958). In northern Ontario, warblers con- stitute 69 per cent of the breeding bird population in the spruce-fir forest; in northern Maine, 63 per cent. As one proceeds south from Ontario and Maine into Minnesota, Michigan, New York, and along the Appalachian Mountains to Tennessee, species both of mammals and birds drop out, apparently as
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
