The British nation a history / by George MWrong . usual oath to defend the Protestant religion, and the Earl of Argyle, son of the marquisexecuted under Charles II, leda Protestant attack on Jamesin Scotland as Monmouth didin England. He failed, and per-ished on the scaffold in 1685. But Scotland, more Protes-tant even than England, soonturned against Jamess William landed, a freeParliament at last met, andScotland spoke its mind. Itaccepted William and ]\Iary assovereigns, and made Presbyte-rianism the state religion, si^de-oision that lias reniaiucd in force until_tliis day. But
The British nation a history / by George MWrong . usual oath to defend the Protestant religion, and the Earl of Argyle, son of the marquisexecuted under Charles II, leda Protestant attack on Jamesin Scotland as Monmouth didin England. He failed, and per-ished on the scaffold in 1685. But Scotland, more Protes-tant even than England, soonturned against Jamess William landed, a freeParliament at last met, andScotland spoke its mind. Itaccepted William and ]\Iary assovereigns, and made Presbyte-rianism the state religion, si^de-oision that lias reniaiucd in force until_tliis day. But theelements to oppose William were stronger in Scotlandthan in England. The Episcopalians, theEoman Catholic Highlanders, and those loyalto the ancient Scottisli line, were a powerfulJamess leader in Scotland, Graham of Claver-house. Viscount Dundee, gathering an army of Highland-ers, met ^^illiams forces at Killiecrankie, and gained avictory dearly bought by his own death. In spite of thisdefeat, Williams cause gained steadily. The Presbyterian. John Graham ov ,Viscount Dindee ri6-19?-16Sl)). The revolution in Scotland- minority. THE REIGN OF WILLIAM AND MARY 431 ministers, the natural leaders of the parishes, were heart-ily in favour of the king: the Cameronians, the mostresolute of the Covenanters, were organized into a regi-ment, and opposition was soon confined to the remoteHighlands. There Williams ministers made a terribleerror. They named a date by which the clans must givein their adhesion to the Revolution government, and, onthe plea that the Macdonalds of Glencoe had not yieldedin time, they were treacherously massacred in February,1693. William himself sanctioned the act, which wasintended to terrify his foes, but it greatly helped Jamesscause by perpetuating a bitter sense of injury. Stronggarrisons were necessary to restrain the Highlands, andmore than half a century later the clansmen were stillready to rise for the Stuart claimant. In Ireland, Jamess
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