. Electric railway journal . inserted and forced against the rail basewith a hand spike. This operation was quickly done,and the track was then ready for lining and raising tothe permanent surface. The method of applying therail fastenings is shown in the accompanying illustra-tions. Grouting in the tie plates and riveting theClark joints followed. The bridge wearing surface,consisting of a 2-in. sand cushion and 5-in. brick, wasthen laid by the paving contractor. The bridge con-struction, including the tie pockets was done by acontractor, and the track was laid by the railwaycompanys track fo
. Electric railway journal . inserted and forced against the rail basewith a hand spike. This operation was quickly done,and the track was then ready for lining and raising tothe permanent surface. The method of applying therail fastenings is shown in the accompanying illustra-tions. Grouting in the tie plates and riveting theClark joints followed. The bridge wearing surface,consisting of a 2-in. sand cushion and 5-in. brick, wasthen laid by the paving contractor. The bridge con-struction, including the tie pockets was done by acontractor, and the track was laid by the railwaycompanys track forces. Improving Transformer Cooling inOld Substation BY E. H. HAGENSICK Superintendent of Electric Lines Omaha & Council Bluffs StreetRailway, Omaha, Neb. The intake of the fans on the transformer air-blastcooling system in one of the substations of the Omaha& Council Bluffs Street Railway formerly had no out-side connection. The fans were installed on the groundfloor of the substation without inclosure, so that the. HOUSING FOR TRANSFORMER COOLING hot air and dust in the interior of the building was cir-culated round and round and the cooling was naturallypoor. To improve this condition without changing thesetting of the fans and without any construction workon the building, a transite board partition was built inthe corner of the room inclosing the fans and includ-ing two outside windows. A weatherproof housing wasbuilt outside over the windows. This housing made itpossible to take in fresh air from outside and force itthrough the transformers, and eliminated using thesame air over and over again. The expense involvedwas small, and while it detracts from the appearanceof the substation interior, yet the cooling of the trans-formers and the air conditions in the substation are somuch better that the scheme was worth trying. Indicator for Internal Temperaturesof Machines The use of temperature coils in the windings of elec-trical machines is now general for indicating the
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