. The outline of history : being a plain history of life and mankind. ther. The greatindependent state at the death ofNadir Shah. For a time Mahrattasfought with Afghans for the ruleof North India ; then the Mahrattapower broke up into a series ofprincipalities, Indore, Gwalior,Baroda, and others. . This was the India into whichthe French and English were thrust-ing during the eighteenth succession of other Europeanpowers had been struggling for acommercial and political footing inIndia and the east ever since Vascoda Gama had made his memorablevoyage round the Cape to se
. The outline of history : being a plain history of life and mankind. ther. The greatindependent state at the death ofNadir Shah. For a time Mahrattasfought with Afghans for the ruleof North India ; then the Mahrattapower broke up into a series ofprincipalities, Indore, Gwalior,Baroda, and others. . This was the India into whichthe French and English were thrust-ing during the eighteenth succession of other Europeanpowers had been struggling for acommercial and political footing inIndia and the east ever since Vascoda Gama had made his memorablevoyage round the Cape to sea trade of India had previouslybeen in the hands of the Red SeaArabs, and the Portuguese won itfrom them in a series of sea Portuguese ships were thebigger, and carried a heavier arma-ment. For a time the Portugueseheld the Indian trade as their own,and Lisbon outshone Venice as amart for oriental spices ; theseventeenth century, however, sawthe Dutch grasping at this the crest of their power the The chicP Fcvci^ Setblctncxvt^ irt HSUDlTf. 444 THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY leader upon the English side was RobertClive, who was born in 1725, and went toIndia in 1743. His chief antagonist wasDupleix. The story of this struggle through-out the first half of the eighteenth century istoo long and intricate to be told here. By1761 the British found themselves completelydominant in the Indian peninsula. At Plas-sey (1757) and at Buxar (1764) their armiesgained striking and conclusive victories overthe army of Bengal and the army of Great Mogul, nominally their overlord,became in effect their puppet. They leviedtaxes over great areas ; they exacted indem-nities for real or fancied opposition. These successes were not gained directlyby the forces of the King of England ; theywere gained by the East India Trading Com-pany, which had been originally at the timeof its incorporation under Queen Elizabeth nomore than a company of sea by step they had
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