. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. REPORTS FROM MBL GENERAL SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS Literature Cited 335 1 Bloemendal, H., and \V. \V. de Jong. 1991. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. 41: 259-281. 2. Wistow, G., and J. Piatigorsky. 1987. Science 236: 1554-1556. 3. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Nature 227: 680-685. 4. Strumwasser, F. 1989. J. Physiol. Paris 83: 246-254. 5. Strumwasser, F., el al. 1979. In Biological Rhythms ami Their Centra/ Mechanism. Elsevier. 6. Siezen, R. J., and D. C. Shaw. 1982. Bioclum. Biophys. Ada 704: 304-320. 7. Tomarev, S., and R. Zinovieva. 1988. Nature
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. REPORTS FROM MBL GENERAL SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS Literature Cited 335 1 Bloemendal, H., and \V. \V. de Jong. 1991. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. 41: 259-281. 2. Wistow, G., and J. Piatigorsky. 1987. Science 236: 1554-1556. 3. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Nature 227: 680-685. 4. Strumwasser, F. 1989. J. Physiol. Paris 83: 246-254. 5. Strumwasser, F., el al. 1979. In Biological Rhythms ami Their Centra/ Mechanism. Elsevier. 6. Siezen, R. J., and D. C. Shaw. 1982. Bioclum. Biophys. Ada 704: 304-320. 7. Tomarev, S., and R. Zinovieva. 1988. Nature 336: 86-88. 8. Wistow, G., and J. Piatigorsky. 1988. Ann Ret' Biochem. 57: 479-504. 9. Weber, C. 1981. J. Exp. Zoo/. 217: 15-21. Mechanism of Paddle Cilia Formation in Molluscan Veligers Michael Deiner and Sidney Tamm (Boston University Marine Program) Cilia with a distal expansion of the membrane enclosing a curved or coiled end of the axoneme (paddle cilia or discocilia) have been described in a variety of marine invertebrates (1). Short and Tamm (1) showed that paddle cilia in veliger larvae ofSpisula solidissima and Lyrodespedicellatus are not genuine structures, but artifacts of osmotic stress caused by the hypotonic solutions used by previous workers (2). Short and Tamm (1) argued that most, if not all, examples of paddle cilia and discocilia are artifacts, and proposed a unifying mechanism to account for their formation in various animals under different conditions. According to this model, coiling of the axoneme is due to con- formational changes of the doublet microtubules. Such altera- tions could be induced by a Ca++ influx or proton efflux (3, 4, 5), caused either by osmotic swelling and opening of cation channels in the ciliary membrane, or by membrane breakdown in isotonic or hypertonic fixatives. Alternatively, disruption of internal axonemal constraints by proteolysis during fixation or handling might allow spontaneous coiling of the doublet micro- tubules (6,
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