. The Architect & engineer of California and the Pacific Coast . t such an angle that itcan do the least mischief to that deli-cate organ; since nature has affordedit protection by the overhanging brow,eye lashes and thick upper lid. Strongliglit reaching the eye from below isvery injurious, as the lower lid is muchmore transparent and the other naturalprotections are deficient under this con-dition. This is forcibly illustrated in thecase of snow blindness, where a strongglare of light is reflected upward into theeyes. Bright lights placed within the line ofvision materially lessen the percep
. The Architect & engineer of California and the Pacific Coast . t such an angle that itcan do the least mischief to that deli-cate organ; since nature has affordedit protection by the overhanging brow,eye lashes and thick upper lid. Strongliglit reaching the eye from below isvery injurious, as the lower lid is muchmore transparent and the other naturalprotections are deficient under this con-dition. This is forcibly illustrated in thecase of snow blindness, where a strongglare of light is reflected upward into theeyes. Bright lights placed within the line ofvision materially lessen the perceptivepower of the eye. Notwithstanding thefact that the object looked at may bemore brightly illuminated, the effect ofthe bright light shining in the eye hasthe effect of contracting the pupil, whichis natures best protection, thereby al-lowing less light to pass through to theretina. It is this latter light only whichreaches the retina that determines theactual value of our vision. From this we learn that the best re-sults of illumination are secured by plac-. The Architect and Engineer \U iiig; the initial sources of light well abovethe line of vision and diffusing the lightby means of suitable shades. This wellunderstood fact has resulted in the de-sign of various types of lighting fixtureswhere the lamps are placed ratlicr highor properly i)rotected witli suitableshades. There are today three distinct types ofligliting fixtures; namely, the direct, theindirect and the semi-indirect. With thedirect ty|ie where the light falls directlyon the oliject to be illuminated the sourceof light must be placed high in the roomsuch as is done in the case of the so-called sliower fixtures. Here the lamps,in the case of the ordinary living room,sliould be placed at least eight feet abovethe floor and controlled by means ofwall switches. The indirect type allowsnone of the primary light to fall directlybut is all tlirown upward upon the ceil-ing itself or a suitable reflecting surfaceand r
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