. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. o vigorously. But withour too often cool, moist summers in the northern counties,annual root-pruning is quite necessary to make the treesproduce well-ripened wood. In other cases, as I have be-fore observed, shortening the shoots in summer, taking careto produce a handsome pyramidal form, and if they areinclined to grow vigorously, biennial root-pruning, will bequite sufficient. Root-PRUNING when transplanting.—Root-pruning results from the removal of plants. Thatis, it is practically impos


. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. o vigorously. But withour too often cool, moist summers in the northern counties,annual root-pruning is quite necessary to make the treesproduce well-ripened wood. In other cases, as I have be-fore observed, shortening the shoots in summer, taking careto produce a handsome pyramidal form, and if they areinclined to grow vigorously, biennial root-pruning, will bequite sufficient. Root-PRUNING when transplanting.—Root-pruning results from the removal of plants. Thatis, it is practically impossible to dig up plants ofany size—as shrubs or trees—without cutting someof the roots. The severed roots, when as largeas a lead pencil, should be cut back to live, un-injured wood, and the wound should be is to ensure rapid healing. How short theroots shall be cut is a problem to be settled foreach case, in the same way as the similar problem DO ROOTS STRIKE FROM THE CALLUS? 233 respecting the proper length to leave the general, it may be said that the main roots of. 154. Roots do not start irom thu callus. trees two to four years old may be left six toeight inches long. There is much discussion as to where the newroots arise in transplanted trees. It should firstbe said that the roots do not necessarily arisefrom the callus,* although this is the almost uni- *See also, L. C. Corbett, 9th Ann. Rep. W. Va. Exp. Sta,, 19G. 234 SOME SPECIFIC ADVICE versal notion. In fact, they very rarely, if ever,arise as an outgrowth of the callus tissue. Froman apple tree two years old, one side of the rootwas shaved. The tree was planted, and aftergrowing two years, was taken up and photo-graphed (Fig. 154). The callus had formed onboth sides of the wound, but no roots had startedfrom it. The new roots usually arise from firm, strongroots the size of a lead pencil or larger; but theymay also arise from the hair-like roots which areon the tree when it is transp


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