Roman antiquities: or, An account of the manners and customs of the Romans; . lexandria, he was cal-led gymnasiarcha by Augustus.^ was properly a school for wrestling,^ but is put forany place of exercise, or the exercise itself; hence pal(sstramdiscere, to learn the exercise ; unctce dona palcBstrds, exercises.^These gymnastic games ^^ were very hurtful to morals. The athletic games among- the Greeks were called iselastic,^^because the victors,^^ drawn by Avhite horses, and wearingcrowns on their heads; of olive, if victors at the Olympicgames; of laurel, at the Pythian; parsley, at


Roman antiquities: or, An account of the manners and customs of the Romans; . lexandria, he was cal-led gymnasiarcha by Augustus.^ was properly a school for wrestling,^ but is put forany place of exercise, or the exercise itself; hence pal(sstramdiscere, to learn the exercise ; unctce dona palcBstrds, exercises.^These gymnastic games ^^ were very hurtful to morals. The athletic games among- the Greeks were called iselastic,^^because the victors,^^ drawn by Avhite horses, and wearingcrowns on their heads; of olive, if victors at the Olympicgames; of laurel, at the Pythian; parsley, at the Nemean;and of pine, at the Isthmian ; were conducted with great pompinto their respective cities which they entered through a breachin the Avails made for that purpose; intimating, as Plutarchobserves, that a city Avhich produced such brave citizens hadlittle occasion for the defence of Avails. They received for lifean annual stipend ^^ from the public.^^ 3. LuDus TROJiE, a mock fight, performed by young noble-men on horseback, revived by Julius Caisar, and frequently. 1 athlete. 2 in palsestro vel gym-nasio, Flaut. 3. 14. 3 Vitr. V, 2. Hor. 413. 1. vel subdialis. 5 i. 8. Acad,iv. 3. Suet. Ep. ii. 17. 6 cliirotnecae. 7 Virg. iEn. y. Dio. L. 27. 9 a TraXi; luctatio. 10 Cic. Or. iii. 22. 11. 11 aymnici agones,Plin. iv. -12. 12 from iKTeAavcoi, ill- 13 hieronica,,Ner. 24, 35. 14 Virg. G. iii. : 15 opsonia. 16 Plin. Ep. :Aitr. ix. PfBf. 4 ambulatio hypnethra 8 Plin. xxiiL 7. 63. vp lioi-. 280 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. celebrated by the succeeding emperors/ described by Virgil,En. V. 561, &c 4. What was called venatio, or the fighting of wild beastswith one another, or with men called bestiarii^ who were eitherforced to this by way of punishment, as the primitive Christiansoften were; or fought voluntarily, either from a natural fero-city of disposition, or induced by hire.^ An incredible numberof an


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