American practice of surgery : a complete system of the science and art of surgery . sterilize dressings. At first, Lister depentledupon chemicals almost exclusively, but the objections were found to be somanifold that they have given place to heat in the form of steam almost alto-gether. For a time manufacturers ^\ere kej^t busy manufacturing tlie variousmedicated gauzes, but now, aside from iodoform gauze, which is used in aspecial class of cases, they are not in the market, because plain sterile gauzehas taken their place. Sterile gauze may be bought in sealed packages whichare very conveni
American practice of surgery : a complete system of the science and art of surgery . sterilize dressings. At first, Lister depentledupon chemicals almost exclusively, but the objections were found to be somanifold that they have given place to heat in the form of steam almost alto-gether. For a time manufacturers ^\ere kej^t busy manufacturing tlie variousmedicated gauzes, but now, aside from iodoform gauze, which is used in aspecial class of cases, they are not in the market, because plain sterile gauzehas taken their place. Sterile gauze may be bought in sealed packages whichare very convenient for those who use it in small quantities. For aseptic 714 AMERICAN PRACTICE OF SURGERY. cases the small packages should l^e used, because when a package is once openedfor a dressing it should not be depended upon for later dressings on accountof the many possibilities of its becoming infected. It is safer and more econom-ical, however, for every practitioner who does surgical work to have his ownsterilizer. Low-pressure sterilizers of small size, arranged for oil or gas, can. Fig. 276.—Dressing Sterilizer, Instrument Sterilizer, ami Water Sterilizer Combined; for office use. (.Scanlan-Morris Co., Madison, Wis.) be bought cheaply and are efficient. The best sterilizing chamlDcrs for bothwater and dressings are made of hea^y copper and should be nickel-platedbecause otherwise the heat tliscolors the copper (Fig. 276). There are two dif-ferent varieties of steam sterilizers employed, the high-pressure and the low-pressure. The high-pressure apparatus (Fig. 277) is so arranged that a press-ure of from ten to fifteen pounds to the square inch can be gained Sery quickly GENERAL SURGICAL TREATMEXT. •15 and maintained indefinitely at a temperature of from 240° to 250° F. Thishigh-pressure steam is the most penetrating and has the greatest bactericidalaction. This variety of apparatus is arranged for heating bj^ steam from theordinary boilers of a building, or by means of gas-
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