Acid rain: spruce trees damaged by acid rain in the Karkonoski National Park, south-west Poland. Located on the border with Czechoslovakia, the trees

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Acid rain: spruce trees damaged by acid rain in the Karkonoski National Park, south-west Poland. Located on the border with Czechoslovakia, the trees are subject to acid precipitation wind-blown from that country. In 1989 a highly-acidic pH of was recorded on one occasion; pH 7 indicates a neutral value. Trees in the 1000-1250 metres altitude range appear especially vulnerable. Other factors which compound the damage include insects, drought and high winds. Of the 3,800 hectares that the Karkonoski Park occupies, 150 hectares have been severely affected.

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Size: 3153px × 4212px
Photo credit: © SIMON FRASER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No

Keywords: acid, air, atmospheric, damage, dmge, effect, environment, environmental, forest, forestry, karkonoski, nat., pk, poland, pollution, rain, spruce, woodland