. Farm machinery and farm motors. engine is shut down, and turned inagain upon starting, and thus avoid the danger offreezing. Open-jacket cooling.—Engines are now coming upon themarket which have the open-jacket method of casting for the water jacket is extended so it formsa reservoir upon the top of the engine (Fig. 3110). Thisreservoir is open at the top and holds but a few gallonsof water. As the engine heats, the water is allowed toboil and evaporate. Since there is only a pailful or so of water in the engine, it isbut a small matter to drainthe engine and then refillin cold we
. Farm machinery and farm motors. engine is shut down, and turned inagain upon starting, and thus avoid the danger offreezing. Open-jacket cooling.—Engines are now coming upon themarket which have the open-jacket method of casting for the water jacket is extended so it formsa reservoir upon the top of the engine (Fig. 3110). Thisreservoir is open at the top and holds but a few gallonsof water. As the engine heats, the water is allowed toboil and evaporate. Since there is only a pailful or so of water in the engine, it isbut a small matter to drainthe engine and then refillin cold weather. Oil cooling system.—Byhaving a radiator and cir-culating pump, oil is usedfor cooling where enginesare exposed to freezingtemperature. Often chemicals are usedin water to prevent freez-ing. Calcium chloride isthe most common of proportions generallyused are 5 pounds of thechemical to 10 gallons ofwater. Whenever possible,the use of chemicals shouldbe avoided; they attackeither the tank or the engine FIG. 3IIA—OPEN-JACKET SYSTEMOF COOLING 424 FARM MOTORS 565. Gasoline engine indicator diagram.—The highest pressureobtained in the average steam engine cylinder rarely exceeds 175pounds to the square inch. In gasoline engines the average maxi-mum pressure is about 300 pounds a square inch, and it often ex-ceeds 400 pounds a square inch. Since the pressures are so highin the gasoline engine, either the spring has to be made stiiifer inthe indicator or else the piston made smaller. Either method isutilized with success in indicator work. All parts of the gasolineengine indicator, excepting the spring, are tlie same as those of thesteam engine indicator. In the steam engine the working fluid isadmitted to the cylinder ready to perform its work on the the gasoline engine this is not the case. The working fluid entersthe cylinder in the form of a gasoline fuel, which has to be com-pressed and burned before it is ready for use. Since these ope
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