. International Studio an Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art. , for instance, there arethe obvious form of a ring, whichagain is sometimes modi-fied into a are variants of anelongated loop, terminatingat the lower extremity ina couple of all but completecircles. This form ap-proaches somewhat to theoutline of a pair of example is illustratedwhich displays the familiarSpanish device of thecockle-shell, pilgrim-badgeof the shrine of St. Jamesat Compostella. Anotherclass of knockers, com-prising some extremelyrich and fantastic speci-mens, is founded on


. International Studio an Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art. , for instance, there arethe obvious form of a ring, whichagain is sometimes modi-fied into a are variants of anelongated loop, terminatingat the lower extremity ina couple of all but completecircles. This form ap-proaches somewhat to theoutline of a pair of example is illustratedwhich displays the familiarSpanish device of thecockle-shell, pilgrim-badgeof the shrine of St. Jamesat Compostella. Anotherclass of knockers, com-prising some extremelyrich and fantastic speci-mens, is founded on animalforms, real or fabulous,such as lions, dogs, dol-phins, or dragons. Thefertility of native imagina-tion, which played with andelaborated, while still ad-hering to the above threeprincipal types, was prac-tically inexhaustible, andonly became extinguishedby the incoming flood ofItalian fashions in the six-teenth century. Not but what there wereother alien forces, moreor less beneficial, whichoperated in influencing 12^ Spanish Mediceval and Renaissai^ce Ironwork. SPANISH NAIL-HEAD ORNAMENT 15TH—i6th century Spanish ironwork. Some of the beautiful late-Gothic works are unmistakably inspired byFlemish, others by German motifs. In the six-teenth century, when a Spanish prince became


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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, bookidinternationa, bookyear1908