. Diseases of the nose and throat . it is given it should be preceded by a subcu-taneous injection of atropine and morphine. BRONCHOSCOPY The direct inspection of the bronchi is possible in one oftwo ways, called respectively lower and upper bronchoscopy. Lower bronchoscopy can be done only after tracheotomy,the tracheal opening being used as a short cut to the important fact upon which lower bronchoscopy is basedis that the air passages are so flexible that a straight tubemay easily be passed through the tracheal wound, turned atright angles and pushed down the lower section of th
. Diseases of the nose and throat . it is given it should be preceded by a subcu-taneous injection of atropine and morphine. BRONCHOSCOPY The direct inspection of the bronchi is possible in one oftwo ways, called respectively lower and upper bronchoscopy. Lower bronchoscopy can be done only after tracheotomy,the tracheal opening being used as a short cut to the important fact upon which lower bronchoscopy is basedis that the air passages are so flexible that a straight tubemay easily be passed through the tracheal wound, turned atright angles and pushed down the lower section of the using a perforated tube in order not to occlude air from BRONCHOSCOPY AND ESOPHAGOSCOPY 313 the opposite bronchus, it may be continued for some dis-tance down either bronchus. The bronchi can thus bereached by shorter and wider instruments than by upperbronchoscopy. Although the latter is the ideal methodwhen practical, a previous tracheotomy, emergency, lack ofproper instruments, or some unusual complication may make. Fig. 64 —The author s forceps for the extraction of foreign bodiesfrom the bronchi or esophagus. the lower route preferable. After the trachea has beenopened a foreign body in a primary bronchus may beremoved with no other instruments than a head-mirror, afemale cystoscope and long alligator forceps. Upper bronchoscopy consists in passing a bronchoscopethrough the mouth and larynx into the trachea and instruments required are a tube of proper length withappliances for lighting it, a spatula or speculum for depress-ing the tongue and bringing the larynx into view, spongeholders so made that they will hold the sponge firmly with-out danger of its coming off, bronchial probes and various 314 DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND THROAT special forceps all long and slender enough to be usedthrough the tube. The bifurcation in an adult is about fourteen and one-quarter inches from the incisor teeth. The principal difficulty in passing a bronchoscope is t
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Keywords: ., bo, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectnose, bookyear1915
