. The American educator; completely remodelled and rewritten from original text of the New practical reference library, with new plans and additional material. ommercial center. It has manufac-tories of glass, soda, fire brick, chemicals andother commodities, shipbuilding yards, ord-pance works and potteries, and one of thelargest meat and vegetable markets in GreatBritain. Its locomotive and engineeringworks are mammoth plants, and in this cityJhe English railway system originated. Newcastle has many notable buildings andeducational institutions, including the sci-ence and medical colleges of
. The American educator; completely remodelled and rewritten from original text of the New practical reference library, with new plans and additional material. ommercial center. It has manufac-tories of glass, soda, fire brick, chemicals andother commodities, shipbuilding yards, ord-pance works and potteries, and one of thelargest meat and vegetable markets in GreatBritain. Its locomotive and engineeringworks are mammoth plants, and in this cityJhe English railway system originated. Newcastle has many notable buildings andeducational institutions, including the sci-ence and medical colleges of Durham Uni-rersity, a natural history museum and apublic library of about 120,000 voltunes. Theeitj dates from the Roman period. Its namerefers to a castle built in the eleventh centuiyby a son of William the Conqueror. Pop-ulation, 1911, 266,603; in 1914, estimated,271,523. NEWCOMB, nuhom, Simon (1835-1909),an American astronomer and mathematician,born in Nova Scotia. He emigrated to theUnited States at the age of thirteen, and in1858 was graduated from the Lawrence Sci-entific School at Harvard. In 1861 he wasappointed professor of mathematics in the. SIMON NEWCOMB United States navy and assigned to duty atthe Naval Observatory, He was secretaryof the commission which observed the transitof Venus in 1874 and in 1882, the latter fromthe Cape of GoodHope. In additionto this he directedthe observations ofseveral eclipses. In1897 he retiredfrom the navy andafterwards devotedhimself to scientificpursuits. He waseditor of the Amer-ican Journal ofMathematics, pro-fessor in JohnsHopkins Universityand a member ofnumerous royal academies and scientific as-sociations of Europe and America. In manyof the American associations he has held theposition of president or other importantoffices, and in 1904 he was president of theInternational Congress of Arts and Scienceswhich convened at Saint Louis. He wasrecognized as the leading authority in hisfield. Among his important scientific worksa
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