Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . the highest atmosphere gives calories, which agrees with moun-tain solar-constant results within the experimental error of the balloonobservations. 2. Instruments and Methods For measuring total solar radiation at the earths mountain surfacewe have hitherto depended ^ on the silver-disk pyrheliometer and thewater-flow pyrheliometer. The former is a secondary instrumentwhose readings are converted into absolute units (calories per squarecentimeter per minute) by comparisons with the water-flow pyr-heliometer. These instruments are shown diagrammatica
Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . the highest atmosphere gives calories, which agrees with moun-tain solar-constant results within the experimental error of the balloonobservations. 2. Instruments and Methods For measuring total solar radiation at the earths mountain surfacewe have hitherto depended ^ on the silver-disk pyrheliometer and thewater-flow pyrheliometer. The former is a secondary instrumentwhose readings are converted into absolute units (calories per squarecentimeter per minute) by comparisons with the water-flow pyr-heliometer. These instruments are shown diagrammatically in figures ^ This section is for the most part abbreviated from vols. 1-5, Annals of theAstrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution. * We are now (1935) introducing the Angstrom electrical compensation pyr-heliometer as a cooperating instrument. ^ See improved water-flow pyrheliometer as described in Smithsonian , vol. 87, no. 15, 1932, and vol. 92, no. 13, 1934. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94. Fig. I.—Diagram of silver-disk pyrheliometer. NO. 10 SOLAR RADIATION AND WEATHER STUDIES ABBOT 5 I and 2. Their sources of error, corrections to their direct readings,and other details regarding them are published in volumes 2, 4, and 5of the Annals of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and inpapers nos. 3182 and 3288 of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-tions. Intercomparisons of silver-disk pyrheliometers made at inter-vals over a period of about 20 years indicate that the scale of ob-serving has not changed appreciably. These intercomparisons are
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