. The Ecology of arboreal folivores : a symposium held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, May 29-31, 1975. Folivores; Forest ecology; Leaves; Mammals; Mammals. Table 8.âInterspecific association at Kuala Lom- pat. Species pair Dusky leaf-monkey/ 53 26 Banded leaf-monkey Banded leaf-monkey/ 51 25 Long-tailed macaque Siamang/Banded leaf-monkey 29 14 (A Siamang/Dusky leaf-monkey 28 14 z o Dusky leaf-monkey/ 18 9 H Long-tailed macaque i Other associations 24 12 00 o Total 203 100 # siamang and three-quarters for the gibbon (Chivers, 1973). T
. The Ecology of arboreal folivores : a symposium held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, May 29-31, 1975. Folivores; Forest ecology; Leaves; Mammals; Mammals. Table 8.âInterspecific association at Kuala Lom- pat. Species pair Dusky leaf-monkey/ 53 26 Banded leaf-monkey Banded leaf-monkey/ 51 25 Long-tailed macaque Siamang/Banded leaf-monkey 29 14 (A Siamang/Dusky leaf-monkey 28 14 z o Dusky leaf-monkey/ 18 9 H Long-tailed macaque i Other associations 24 12 00 o Total 203 100 # siamang and three-quarters for the gibbon (Chivers, 1973). The 2 leaf-monkey species were found at all levels of the forest. Dusky leaf-monkeys, however, were found more frequently in the upper and middle canopy, and banded leaf-monkeys in the middle and lower levels, among the saplings (1-6 meters) or on the ground. The long-tailed macaque was most fre- quently encountered along the margins of streams and rivers; within the forest proper they mainly inhabited the middle and lower levels. The pig-tailed macaque was usually encountered on the ground or in the sapling level; they are the only species to run away from the observer on the ground rather than in the trees. This general picture of vertical stratification re- veals substantial overlap between species. If feeding activity is examined, however, rather than the mere presence or absence of animals at different levels, some distinctions emerge (Figure 7). Eighty-four percent of dusky leaf-monkey food trees were be- tween 25 and 50 meters, and none was less than 9 meters in height. The food trees of banded leaf- monkeys, in contrast, were more variable in height, ranging from emergents down to the ground with the emphasis on the lower levels. Nevertheless, the most favored trees were approximately evenly divided be- tween the emergent and middle levels (Table 9). In contrast, 96 percent of the food trees used 3 times or more by dusky leaf-monkeys were emergents (Table 5). Similarly,
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