. A history of all nations from the earliest times; being a universal historical library . c 0 ?*-> a«o« CS c I 5 ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES IN FRANCE. 51 judiciary was undertaken; two years later, the Bastille itself, with thedetested Icttrcs de cachet, was re-established in the shape of eight stateprisons, to which any man could be consigned without judicial sentenceupon a mere decision of the secret council. The censorship receivedan expansion which it had not had even under the old monarchy. Ageneral director was appointed with supervision over all bookshopsand printing-offices; the printin
. A history of all nations from the earliest times; being a universal historical library . c 0 ?*-> a«o« CS c I 5 ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES IN FRANCE. 51 judiciary was undertaken; two years later, the Bastille itself, with thedetested Icttrcs de cachet, was re-established in the shape of eight stateprisons, to which any man could be consigned without judicial sentenceupon a mere decision of the secret council. The censorship receivedan expansion which it had not had even under the old monarchy. Ageneral director was appointed with supervision over all bookshopsand printing-offices; the printing-offices were restricted to a fixednumber, the printers were appointed and sworn as officers of govern-ment, and for every work put to press there was required a special. Fig. 9. — Seal of Napoleon as emperor of the French fnim 1S04 to 1814. Keverse. Fromthe impression in the British Museum, Loudon. permission from the Director-General, who examined it by designatedcensors, and indicated to tlie author the necessary alterations or sup-pressions ; it was required that the booksellers be appointed orsworn; every book in the French or Latin language published in aforeign country paid an entrance tax of at least 50 per cent. The \\orkon Germany by Madame de Stael, the first that afforded the Frencha conception of the rise of German intellectual life, was first mutilatedby the censorship as a hostile publication, and then confiscated. The 52 TUE WORLD EMPIRE. periodical press, for a long time devoid of all value in consequence of theregulation that for thi- future in cacii department, except the Seine, onlyone daily paper sliould be allowed to appear, and that under tiie authorityand with the approval of the prefect, was made utterly silent. Jiiechurch it
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