. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11. Forests and forestry. â rj. â jpiv oy\/ 4. ">. ti. 7. PLATE XL THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD Oo^s (.n of strin of Wliito showiiiR (Lb) bark, (c) rambiuiii. (ar) annual liii'' (P) I'iHi. and (ri>» nunnTons snni 1 r.'sin pas^a;:; s, natnral size. \ riwhi n-m><jisr«' Avith bounding; t'i)itlu'lial colls, onlaigcd. , N,.nVpon,ns"vaml of White Pine 'showing (spw) spring wood, (sw) summer wood, (ar) annual ring, and (rp) resin passage, x ^^. Ring-porous wood of (Miestnut, x 2. wood
. Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11. Forests and forestry. â rj. â jpiv oy\/ 4. ">. ti. 7. PLATE XL THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD Oo^s (.n of strin of Wliito showiiiR (Lb) bark, (c) rambiuiii. (ar) annual liii'' (P) I'iHi. and (ri>» nunnTons snni 1 r.'sin pas^a;:; s, natnral size. \ riwhi n-m><jisr«' Avith bounding; t'i)itlu'lial colls, onlaigcd. , N,.nVpon,ns"vaml of White Pine 'showing (spw) spring wood, (sw) summer wood, (ar) annual ring, and (rp) resin passage, x ^^. Ring-porous wood of (Miestnut, x 2. wood of Ufd <»ak. showing huge rays. \ -i. lS"n-Et,urwi^how\n^(ts) eross seotion, (rs) radial , (ts) tangential section, (spw) spring wood, and (sw) sunnner wood, mitnnil size. 55 the American Hop Hornbeam (Plate IX, 10), or the Bladder Nut, a small shrub very commonly found along our streams. Gravity on slopes is a minor agent of seed dispersal, but sometimes does effective work, especially with heavy seeded species like Oak and Beech. 9. Wood: Wood, next to food, and clothing, is probably the most useful and indispensable material which man uses. It is found in many of the higher plants but becomes of commercial importance only in the sper- matophytes or seed-bearing plants. In the timber-producing trees it is found in the roots, branches, and stems. The wood derived from the roots is limited in quantity and inferior in quality. The branches produce wood which, in some respects, very closely resembles that of the stem, but is inferior on account of its smaller size, irregular shape, and more knotty structure. The wood obtained from the stem is of the greatest utility and value on account of its desirable dimen- sions and satisfactory structure. The stem should not only yield a large quantity of wood but also a superior quality. The quality of wood which a stem will yield depends largely upon its age, inherent tendencies of the species, and its e
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