. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. 92 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. We had a series of heavy rains here about the time of their first appearance, and in such places and \in(h'r such circumstances the pupse would continue their galleries from 4 to C) inches al>o\c the ground, leaving an orifice of egress even with the sur- fac(\ In the upper end of (hcse chambers the puppc would be found waiting their approaching time of change. They would then back down below the level of the earth (as at d, fig. 39) and, issuing forth from the orifice, would attach t
. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. 92 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. We had a series of heavy rains here about the time of their first appearance, and in such places and \in(h'r such circumstances the pupse would continue their galleries from 4 to C) inches al>o\c the ground, leaving an orifice of egress even with the sur- fac(\ In the upper end of (hcse chambers the puppc would be found waiting their approaching time of change. They would then back down below the level of the earth (as at d, fig. 39) and, issuing forth from the orifice, would attach themselves to the first ol)ject at liand and undergo their transformations in the usual manner. Professor Riley had the accompanyino; fifz;ure (fig. 39) made from one of the chambers furnished by Mr. Rathvon. This cham])*>r meas- ured about 4 inches in length, mth a diameter on the inside of five- eighths inch and on the outside of 1 j inches. As will be later noted, the exit hole at the base of the turret in this instance was probably abnormal, the insect issuing, as shown by later observers, almost invariably from a hole clawed through the summit of the cone. The next instance of the occurrence of these cones of which we have a record is a rather remarkable one, and is given by Prof. J. S. ;* These cones ap- peared in May and June, 1877, in a shallow cellar of a house which had been erected on the site of an old orchard at Rail- way, N. J. The cellar had been dug to the depth of about a foot, and had been closed until about the time of the emergence of the cicadas, when it was ope4ied and the ])ottom w^as found to be thickly beset with mud cones or tubes from 6 to 8 inches high. The explanation for these curious structures suggested by Professor Newberry is that the cicadas, finding a dark chamber, were apparently attempting to work up to daylight. What is probably the true explanation of their occurrence will be given later. An excellent photograph of one of th
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