. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . o great a frictional resistance that themajor portion of the weight is carriedby these walls. That is to say, thetendency to a downward movement ofthe grain is resisted by the walls. In the case of a car we have theidentical conditions except that if th«car is moved the motion is impartedto the load in a horizontal directionand if it is a box or hopper car the endbecomes the bottom and the sides thewalls against which the load arche»and it must be moved through its fric-tion against those sid


. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . o great a frictional resistance that themajor portion of the weight is carriedby these walls. That is to say, thetendency to a downward movement ofthe grain is resisted by the walls. In the case of a car we have theidentical conditions except that if th«car is moved the motion is impartedto the load in a horizontal directionand if it is a box or hopper car the endbecomes the bottom and the sides thewalls against which the load arche»and it must be moved through its fric-tion against those sides rather than bya pressure exerted by the ends directlyagainst the load. Hence it follows that,if the bracing of Fig. 1 be used, anymotion of the center of the end sill iscommunicated directly to the sidesand a pressure is applied at a pointwhere the maximum resistance of theload to motion is concentrated. There can be no doubt that a stressof considerable magnitude must be ap-plied at that point in order to move theload. If this stress is carried thitherdirect from the drawbar by a stiff diag-. ;riKKN m CENTER SILL AND ENDDIAGONALS LNINJURED. between the end sill and the bolsterbeyond that due to their own inertiaas resisting motion. Whatever stress is communicated tothe diagonals is carried directly backto the ends of the bolster. onal brace the distortion of the framingwill be much less than it would bewere it to be carried in the roundaboutroute from the drawbar through theend sill to the side sill, or back to thebolster and thence out to the end of October, 1919 RAILWAY AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING 307 the latter, for it is evident that a diago-nal brace running from the corner ofthe car in to the center cannot be in-strumental in taking a stress from thedrawbar to the end of the , the proper delivery of thenecessarj portion of tlie load at the the stress acting between the rear followerstops. It is because of the location of theimpact point near t


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