Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . he pope? What do you understand by the HolyRoman Empire? Section 29. What were the sources of wealth of the Church?What was the effect of the vast landholdings of the Church ? Whatwas investiture, and why did it raise difficulties between the popesand emperors? Why did the pope oppose the marriage of theclergy? How is the pope elected? What is a cardinal? Section 30. What was the Dictatus, and what claims did it make ? Section 31. Describe the conflict bet
Medieval and modern times : an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . he pope? What do you understand by the HolyRoman Empire? Section 29. What were the sources of wealth of the Church?What was the effect of the vast landholdings of the Church ? Whatwas investiture, and why did it raise difficulties between the popesand emperors? Why did the pope oppose the marriage of theclergy? How is the pope elected? What is a cardinal? Section 30. What was the Dictatus, and what claims did it make ? Section 31. Describe the conflict between _ Henry IV andGregory VII. What were the provisions of the Concordat ofWorms ? Section 32. What new enemies did Frederick Barbarossa findin northern Italy ? How did the German kings establish a claim tosouthern Italy? Give some facts about Innocent III. Narrate thestruggle between Frederick II and the popes and its outcome. Howmany years elapsed between the death of Otto the Great and theaccession of Henry IV? between the death of Henry IV and thatof Frederick Barbarossa ? between the death of Barbarossa and thatof Frederick II?. rv-y- ?/^ - -J. \ ^ 0; A- CHAPTER IXTHE CRUSADES Origin of the Crusades 33. Of all the events of the Middle Ages, the most romanticand fascinating are the Crusades, the adventurous expeditionsto Syria and Palestine, undertaken by devout and adventurouskings and knights with the hope of permanently reclaiming theHoly Land from the infidel Turks. All through the twelfth andthirteenth centuries each generation beheld at least one greatarmy of crusaders gathering from all parts of the West andstarting toward the Orient. Each year wdtnessed the departureof small bands of pilgrims or of solitary soldiers of the cross. For two hundred years there was a continuous stream ofEuropeans of every rank and station — kings and princes,powerful nobles, simple knights, common soldiers, ecclesias-tics, monks, townspeople, and even peasants — from England^France
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