. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Figure 21.—Alexander R. Todd (b. 1907) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1957 for his research on nucleotides. He determined the position of the phosphate groups in the molecule and confirmed it by synthesis of dinucleotide phosphates. Its function is connected with the transfer of hydro- gen between intermediates formed through phosphate- transferring enzymes. Fermentation proceeds by a cascade of processes, in which phosphate groups swing back and forth, and equilibria between ATP with ADP play a major role. Main of tlie cnz\ mes ar
. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. Figure 21.—Alexander R. Todd (b. 1907) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1957 for his research on nucleotides. He determined the position of the phosphate groups in the molecule and confirmed it by synthesis of dinucleotide phosphates. Its function is connected with the transfer of hydro- gen between intermediates formed through phosphate- transferring enzymes. Fermentation proceeds by a cascade of processes, in which phosphate groups swing back and forth, and equilibria between ATP with ADP play a major role. Main of tlie cnz\ mes arc closeK 1 elated to \ itamins. Thus, cocarboxylase A, which takes part in the separa- tion of carbon dioxide from an intermediate fermen- tation product, is the phosphate of vitamin B,. ()thers ol the B vitamins contain phosphate groups, for example those 0! the B_, and B(l group, and in B1L,. one lonely phosphate forms a bridge in the large molecule that contains one atom of cobalt: C63H8oNH014P Co. The formation of vitamin A from carotine occurs under the influence of ATP. The first stages in fermentation are like those in respiration, which ends with carbon dioxide and water. These two are the materials lor the reverse process in photosynthesis. When light is absorbed by the chlorophyll of green plants, one of the initial reactions is a transfer of hydrogen from water to a triphosphopyridine nucleotide, which later acts to reduce the carbon dioxide. Under the influence of ATP, phosphoglyceric acid is synthesized and further built up by way of carbohydrate phosphates to hexose sugars and finally to starch. In many starchy fruits, a small proportion of phosphate remains attached to the end product. The synthesis of proteins is under the control of deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid, abbreviated by the symbols DNA and RXA. The genes in the nucleus are parts of a giant DNA molecule. RXA is a universal constituent of all living cells. Where protein synthesis is intense,
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