. The book of similitudes: . imself, aud no fine could beimposed so great as to ruin the offender. Thechurch was freed from the exactions of the king,and every person had a right to dispose of hisproperty by will, and various other specifications,which insured to the people the enjoyment of theirproperty and liberty. In 1243, Louis IXthmade a crusade to the HolyLand, where he was taken prisoner, and only bythe payment of an enormous sum was set this he rebuilt the fortifications of Sidon, Jaf-fa, and Ptolemais, and died at Tunis in the year1270, where he had gone on an expedition ag
. The book of similitudes: . imself, aud no fine could beimposed so great as to ruin the offender. Thechurch was freed from the exactions of the king,and every person had a right to dispose of hisproperty by will, and various other specifications,which insured to the people the enjoyment of theirproperty and liberty. In 1243, Louis IXthmade a crusade to the HolyLand, where he was taken prisoner, and only bythe payment of an enormous sum was set this he rebuilt the fortifications of Sidon, Jaf-fa, and Ptolemais, and died at Tunis in the year1270, where he had gone on an expedition againstthe Mohammedans. These barbarous expeditions agitated, convulsedand distressed every family in Europe for two hun-dred years. It is computed that during the time ofthe crusades more than two millions of Europeanswere buried in the East; and those that survivedwere soon incorporated with the Mohammedanpopulation in Syria, and in a few years no traces ofthe conquests remained. 370 MODERN HISTORY. A. D. 1300 to A. D, 1400,. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. The mariners compass is said to have been discovered at Na-ples in 1302. Gunpowder, which has changed the system ofwarfare, is supposed to have been invented in 1340, by Swartz,a monk of Cologne. In 1352 the Turks first entered WiclcUffe, an Englishman, appealing to the Bible, oppo-ses the errors of the times. Tamerlane, a Tartar prince, hav-ing conquered in the East, turns his arms westward. Ix the first year of this century, Pope Bonifacemade a jubilee at Rome, and promised to all hisvisitors remission of their sins and other spiritualbenefits. He was a detestable character, and ap-peared in the processions dressed in the imperialrobes, while a herald went before him crying, Peter! behold thy successor! Christ! behold thy MODERN HISTORY. 371 vicar upon earth! He excommunicated Philipthe Fair, who sent his troops and took him prison-er, when he died of rage and despair in the year1303. The historians say that Boniface enter
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