The Printing press, is a machine by which text and images are transferred to paper or other media by means of ink. It was in Europe that printing first became mechanized when a printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Metal presses began to appear late in the 18th century, at about which time the advantages of the cylinder were first perceived and the application of steam power used to operate them.

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