. Botany for academies and colleges: consisting of plant development and structure from seaweed to clematis. Botany; 1889. 78 ACADEMIC BOTANY. LESSON XV. UPPER (SUPERTEKKANEAN) STEM. 155, 156. Stem growth and names. 157. Herbs. 158. Shrubs and Trees. 159. Descriptive terms. 160. Climatic changes. 161. Age. 162. Monocarpic Plants. 163. Tree Forms. 164. Stem Habits. 165. Lianes, Lianas. 166. The term Vine. 167. Triangular and Square Stems. 168. Fleshy Stems. 169. Branches. 170. Transformations. 171. Spines, Thorns, Tendrils. 172. Prickles and Hairs. 155. Stems, as to manner of growth, are, as we
. Botany for academies and colleges: consisting of plant development and structure from seaweed to clematis. Botany; 1889. 78 ACADEMIC BOTANY. LESSON XV. UPPER (SUPERTEKKANEAN) STEM. 155, 156. Stem growth and names. 157. Herbs. 158. Shrubs and Trees. 159. Descriptive terms. 160. Climatic changes. 161. Age. 162. Monocarpic Plants. 163. Tree Forms. 164. Stem Habits. 165. Lianes, Lianas. 166. The term Vine. 167. Triangular and Square Stems. 168. Fleshy Stems. 169. Branches. 170. Transformations. 171. Spines, Thorns, Tendrils. 172. Prickles and Hairs. 155. Stems, as to manner of growth, are, as we know, Simple in Aorogens and Endogens,—Tree-Fern, Grass-tree \W/\[m,I/^ -^^tt.'^--^^-i=ism:-. Excurrent in Gymnosperms, — Pines (Fig. 97); Solvent in Exo- gens, —Plane- tree (Fig. 98). They are named as follows: Caudex, the stem of Ferns (Acrogens); Oidm, the stem of Grasses (Endogens); Stipe, the stem of Palms (Endogens); Stem, the general name of herbaceous and woody climbers, bushes, and shrubs; Trunk, the body of trees in Gymno- sperms and Bxogens, but applied also to Endogens and Aerogens. 156. Plants as to age, texture, and form are classed as Herbs, Shrubs, Trees. 157. Herbs (except the grasses) have soft stems. They include Annuals, that sprout, bloom, bear fruit, and die within. Flu. 96.—GrasB-tree, Black Boy {jratdlifm-lKza haatUis), of Australia ; 8t. 6 to 10 ft. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Ketchum, Annie Chambers, 1824-1904. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company
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