. Surgical memoirs, and other essays. -1867) made his mark as a greatgenito-urinary surgeon. Alfred Armand Louis MarieVelpeau (i795-1867), surgeon to La Pitie and pro-fessor of clinical surgery in the faculty, after 1833, wasa strong, resourceful, and useful man, a thorough an-atomist and an able operator. He was a great workerand a splendid teacher — perhaps the most valuablesurgical member of the French school in the first halfof the last century. Joseph Francois Malgaigne (1806-1865) is thegreatest surgical critic and historian known to us. Asa speaker and publicist he will endure, but his


. Surgical memoirs, and other essays. -1867) made his mark as a greatgenito-urinary surgeon. Alfred Armand Louis MarieVelpeau (i795-1867), surgeon to La Pitie and pro-fessor of clinical surgery in the faculty, after 1833, wasa strong, resourceful, and useful man, a thorough an-atomist and an able operator. He was a great workerand a splendid teacher — perhaps the most valuablesurgical member of the French school in the first halfof the last century. Joseph Francois Malgaigne (1806-1865) is thegreatest surgical critic and historian known to us. Asa speaker and publicist he will endure, but his work asa practical surgeon is ephemeral. Auguste Nelaton(1807-1873) is thought by many to be the best surgeonwho has yet appeared in France — diagnostician, oper-ator, teacher. He published Elements of SurgicalPathology in five volumes. So much for a few of that famous French schoolupon which one fain would linger. It is hard to passby such names, but so, too, with a few Italians andmany Germans. There was the great surgeon and #. _l Bernhard K. K. von Langenbeck JOSEPH LISTER 99 anatomist, Antonius Scarpa (i752-1832), of Modenaand Padua — he of Scarpas triangle; Vincenz Sebas-tian VON Kern (i 760-1829), the great Viennese surgeonfrom 1805 to 1824; and Philip Franz von Walther(i782-1849), professor of surgery at Munich after1830, the founder of modern surgery in Bavaria. CarlFerdinand von Graefe (i787-1840) from 1810 wasthe distinguished first professor of surgery at the newlyestablished University of Berlin. Johann FriedrichDieffenbach (i 792-1847) succeeded Von Graefe atBerlin in 1840; a strong and ingenious operating sur-geon, he is known to us especially as the originator ofthe operation of tenotomy for strabismus. MaximilianJoseph von Chelius (i794-1876) wrote a delightfuland valuable Handbook of Surgery, which had a wideinfluence. He was professor of surgery at most eminent German surgeon of the last cen-tury was Bernhard Rudolph Konrad von Langen-BEC


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