. The strength of materials; a text-book for engineers and architects. Fig. 54.—Stresses in Thin Pipes. Circumferential Section.—If // is the tensile stressacross the section x x, we have Force tending to cause failure = p x area of end. Force resisting failure = // X area = // X TT d t (because the pipe is thin). RIVETED JOINTS; THIN PIPES 117 • • A =P -4- - Trdt = 1^ (2) 1 /< Therefore the stress across a longitudinal section is twicethat across a circumferential section; for this reason longi-tudinal joints of boilers are made stronger than circum-ferential ones. * Equivalent Stresses on

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. The strength of materials; a text-book for engineers and architects. Fig. 54.—Stresses in Thin Pipes. Circumferential Section.—If // is the tensile stressacross the section x x, we have Force tending to cause failure = p x area of end. Force resisting failure = // X area = // X TT d t (because the pipe is thin). RIVETED JOINTS; THIN PIPES 117 • • A =P -4- - Trdt = 1^ (2) 1 /< Therefore the stress across a longitudinal section is twicethat across a circumferential section; for this reason longi-tudinal joints of boilers are made stronger than circum-ferential ones. * Equivalent Stresses on Strain Theory.—On any smallcube of the material with sides parallel and normal to x x, therewill be a hoop stress /„ a longitudinal stress \ ft, and a radialstress which is jj on the inside and o on the outside of thetube and may generally be neglected. .. Strain in longitudinal direction = -U — 4V, E V 2 7/, f 1 7. •. Equivalent hoop stress = ^ ft o Similarly stress on circumferential section = ^ -\- q f^ 4 On the equivalent strain theory, therefor

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