. Diseases of the nose and throat . pens into the inferior meatus below the frontend of the inferior turbinated. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavities is continuous withthat of the pharynx and the Eustachian tubes, and extends, in turn,to all the accessory sinuses. It is formed in three layers: First, thesurface-epithelium, composed of epithelial cells of the columnarvariety, extending over the upper half of the septum, and the supe-rior turbinated and part of the middle turbinated bones; and ofciliated cells over the lower part of the septum and the remainderof the turbinal surfaces. Seco
. Diseases of the nose and throat . pens into the inferior meatus below the frontend of the inferior turbinated. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavities is continuous withthat of the pharynx and the Eustachian tubes, and extends, in turn,to all the accessory sinuses. It is formed in three layers: First, thesurface-epithelium, composed of epithelial cells of the columnarvariety, extending over the upper half of the septum, and the supe-rior turbinated and part of the middle turbinated bones; and ofciliated cells over the lower part of the septum and the remainderof the turbinal surfaces. Second, the true mucous membrane, com-posed of white, fibrous, elastic, connective tissue, inclosing within itblood-vessels, smooth muscular fibres, serous and mucous glands, withtubular orifices opening upon the epithelial surface. Third, a sub-mucous layer of connective tissue, very loose in form, and lyingdirectly upon the periosteum and perichondrium of the nasal frame-work. It is composed largely of venous sinuses studded with tu-. Fig. 5.—Frozen section of head of adult. 1, Right and left opticnerves. 2, Sphenoid sinus with posterior wall removed. 3, Sphenoid sinuswith posterior wall in position. 4, Left nasal fossa. 5, Nasal septum. 6,Right inferior turbinated bone. (From Primroses Anatomical Museum,University of Toronto.) ANATOMY OF THE NOSE. 11 bular mucous glands, and lias its highest development over the tur-binated bones, particularly upon the middle and posterior portionsof them—forming, with the middle layer, the so-called corporacavernosa nasi. The mucous membrane of the middle and inferiorturbinateds differs from the remaining surfaces in this respect: therich endowment of blood-vessels and muciparous glands enablingthem to perform so freely their physiological function. The colorof the columnar epithelium, in the mucous membrane of the upperportion of the nose, is yellowish pink; that of the lower, or ciliated,region, from its richer blood-supply, is reddish pi
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