. Bonner zoologische Beiträge : Herausgeber: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn. Biology; Zoology. 364 I. Rowley Bonn, zool. Beitr. individually; this is to avoid wasting colour combinations on an age group where the mortality is high (e. g. Nice 1937). In Australia during the past decade at least one representative from each of seven families or subfamilies has been intensively studied and their social relationships worked out. An eighth subfamily represented in Australia by communal species but as yet unstudied here, has been recently studied in India. 1. Anati
. Bonner zoologische Beiträge : Herausgeber: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn. Biology; Zoology. 364 I. Rowley Bonn, zool. Beitr. individually; this is to avoid wasting colour combinations on an age group where the mortality is high (e. g. Nice 1937). In Australia during the past decade at least one representative from each of seven families or subfamilies has been intensively studied and their social relationships worked out. An eighth subfamily represented in Australia by communal species but as yet unstudied here, has been recently studied in India. 1. Anatidae. Studies of the Magpie Goose, Anseranas semi- palmata, showed that two females frequently lay in the same nest, that trios are common associations, and that the young stay with their parents in the flock after breeding has finished, and until the next breeding season starts (Frith and Davies 1961). 2. R a 11 i d a e. Rails. The detailed study of the Tasmanian endemic Native Hen, Tribonyx mortierii, by Ridpath (1964 and in prep.) shows that this species maintains equal numbers of permanent breeding groups of two and three. Trios were often formed by the attachment of two siblings to a third bird. Ridpath (pers. comm.) also found trios in the Eastern Swamphen, Porphyrie* melanotus. 3. Alcedinidae. The Kookaburra, Dacelo gigas, has recently been studied in detail by Parry (pers. comm.) by means of individual marking. She found a high incidence of trios in her population; all birds took part in rearing the young and most of these "aunts" were found to be young birds of the previous season, staying with their parents. 4. Corcoracinae (subfamily of Grallinidae, the Austra- lian mud-nest builders). Both members of this subfamily are usu- ally encountered in groups at all times of the year; single pairs are the ex- ception. Corcorax melanorhamphus, the White-winged Chough, may number from 2—20 and averages 8 birds per group (Rowley 1965b), all. Fig. 1.—A group of Apo
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