. Handbook of field and general ornithology; a manual of the structure and classification of birds . The word hyal, used ouly iu comi^osition, means the same as with &, and combined com-pletely with d, basibranchial,commonly called urohyal; c, ceratobranchial ; /, epi-branchial; e and/are togetherknown as thyrohyals, orgreater cornua. 248 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY foregoing are hyal, belonging to the second visceral arch ; thefollowing are branchial, of the third arch : The hasibranchial (bbr ;Fig. 72, d) is a single median piece, projecting backward from thebasihyal, with which it may be perfe
. Handbook of field and general ornithology; a manual of the structure and classification of birds . The word hyal, used ouly iu comi^osition, means the same as with &, and combined com-pletely with d, basibranchial,commonly called urohyal; c, ceratobranchial ; /, epi-branchial; e and/are togetherknown as thyrohyals, orgreater cornua. 248 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY foregoing are hyal, belonging to the second visceral arch ; thefollowing are branchial, of the third arch : The hasibranchial (bbr ;Fig. 72, d) is a single median piece, projecting backward from thebasihyal, with which it may be perfectly consolidated, as it is in thefigure, or separately articulated ; it may be wanting ; it is usuallytipped and prolonged backward with a thread of cartilage. Thehasibranchial is oftener called urohyal, but had better be allowedits strict morphological name. On either side, the basihj^al bearsthe separately articulated ccraiobranchials (cbr; Fig. 72, e), longslender bones diverging as they pass backward, and bearing upontheir ends the epibranchials (ebr; Fig. 72, /), which finish off the. Figs. 73, 74.—Under Fig. side view of a woodpeckers {Picus) skull, showing the longslender basihyal (bh), bearing slight elements at its fore end, no uroyhal, and extraordinarilylong thyrohyals (cbr, cbr) curving up over back of skull and curling together around orbitof the right eye. Upper Fig. top view of skull of Colaptes, showing tliyrohyals running alongthe skull and into right nostril to end of the bill. (Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, ) hyoid bone behind, or may be in turn tipped with cartilaginousthreads. The cerato- and epibranchials together are badly calledthe thyrohyals, and in still more popular language the greatercornua or horns of the hyoid. All these bones vary in differ-ent birds in size and shape and relative development; the branchialelements are the most constant in their length and whole hyoid apparatus of the woodpeckers is specially modi-fied ; the basihy
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