. Elements of ecology. Ecology. The Critical Environment 5 a sea-bird rookery (Fig. ). In other situations the effects of the presence of other animals and plants are more subtle. Although such influences cannot be photographed, they are often just as crucial, and the environment must be imderstood to include both physical and biological influences whether conspicuous or Allan D. Cruichihank, National Audubon Society Fig. Gannet rookery on Bonaventure Island, Quebec, showing the keen competition for nest sites. The Critical Environment Are the necessary dealings of the organi
. Elements of ecology. Ecology. The Critical Environment 5 a sea-bird rookery (Fig. ). In other situations the effects of the presence of other animals and plants are more subtle. Although such influences cannot be photographed, they are often just as crucial, and the environment must be imderstood to include both physical and biological influences whether conspicuous or Allan D. Cruichihank, National Audubon Society Fig. Gannet rookery on Bonaventure Island, Quebec, showing the keen competition for nest sites. The Critical Environment Are the necessary dealings of the organism with the environment usually successful? Can all living things find their needs in the out- side world and avoid dangers? In most instances a large fraction of the young plants and animals produced are unable to cope with the environment, and relatively few survive. A striking example of the magnitude of natural mortality is found in the accompanying data from a study of the growth of mackerel eggs and young off the east coast of the United States (Sette, 1943). Stage of Young Mackerel Duration Mortality Spawning to 10-mm length 40 days 14% per day Transition to post-larva few days 30% per day Post-larva to 50-mm length 40 days 10%, per day. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Clarke, George L. (George Leonard), 1905-. New York, Wiley
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