India: Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948), leader of India's independence movement, with Lord Pethwick Lawrence, British Secretary of State for India, Delhi, 18 April 1946. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He pioneered satyagraha. This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total non-violence. This concept helped India gain independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

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