. Comparative anatomy. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 191.—Early chondrocranium of Acanthias. (The brain in outline.) als, alisphenoid cartilage; ch, anterior end of notochord; h, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch, not yet divided into pterygoquadrate and Meckelian; oc, otic capsule; t, trabecula; r-5, branchial arches; cartilages dotted. (From Kingsley's " Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates," after Sewertzoff.) of lower vertebrates, but with their quadrate element also. The quadrate element develops into the incus while the articular portion or articulare element of the mandibula ossifies
. Comparative anatomy. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 191.—Early chondrocranium of Acanthias. (The brain in outline.) als, alisphenoid cartilage; ch, anterior end of notochord; h, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch, not yet divided into pterygoquadrate and Meckelian; oc, otic capsule; t, trabecula; r-5, branchial arches; cartilages dotted. (From Kingsley's " Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates," after Sewertzoff.) of lower vertebrates, but with their quadrate element also. The quadrate element develops into the incus while the articular portion or articulare element of the mandibula ossifies as the malleus. All this agrees com- pletely with the evidence from comparative anatomy, which makes the. Fig. 192.—Diagram of early elasmobranch skull, bp, basal plate; c, trabecular cornu; Jl, foramen lacerum; ga'-^ gill arches; gc, gill cleft; h, hyale; hm, hyomandibula; i>, 12, upper labials; II, lower labials; m, Meckel's cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; oc, otic capsule; of, orbital foramen; ov, occipital vertebrae; pq, pterygoquadrate; s, suspensor ligament; sp, spiracle; si, sphenolateral; t, trabecula; v, vertebrae; I-VII, visceral arches; i-io, cranial nerves. (From Kingsley's "Comparative Anatomy of ;) malleus homologous with the articulare bone of the lower jaw, and the incus the modified quadrate of the upper jaw of reptiles, so that the articulations of the reptilian jaw become in man and mammals a part of a sound-conducting apparatus. See Fig. 190. The cartilages of the remaining visceral arches in the human embryo have a diversified fate. The dorsal part of the second, the hyoid, ossifies. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Neal, Herbert V. (Herbert Vincent), 1869-1940; Rand, Herbert W. (Herbert Wilbur), 1872-1960. Philadelphia : P. Blakiston's Son
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