. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. ANATOMY or VERTEBRATES. 43 m osseous total, 17.' In the Conger there are 162 vertebra3 ; in the Ophidium, 204; in the Gynmotus, 236; and even this number is sui-passed in some Plagiostomes. Although the vertebras maintain a considerable sameness of form in tlie same fish, they vary much in different species. The bodies are commonly subcylindrical; as deep, but not so broad, as they arc long; more or less constricted in the middle, in some to such a degree as to present an hour-glass figure. In Spina- chorhinus they are e
. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. ANATOMY or VERTEBRATES. 43 m osseous total, 17.' In the Conger there are 162 vertebra3 ; in the Ophidium, 204; in the Gynmotus, 236; and even this number is sui-passed in some Plagiostomes. Although the vertebras maintain a considerable sameness of form in tlie same fish, they vary much in different species. The bodies are commonly subcylindrical; as deep, but not so broad, as they arc long; more or less constricted in the middle, in some to such a degree as to present an hour-glass figure. In Spina- chorhinus they are extremely short; in Fistularia extremely long ; in Tetrodon ^ they are much comjiressed ; in Platycephalus they are more depressed; in the tail of the Tunny the entire ver- tebra is cubical,' with the ends hollowed as usual, but the four other sides flat, the upper and lower ones being formed, in the connected series, by the neural and ha3mal arches of the vertebra in advance, flattened down and, as it were, pressed into cavities on the upper and under surfaces, of the centrum of the next vertebra; so that the series is naturally locked together in the dried skeleton; and these arches cover not the neural and htemal canals of their own, but of the succeeding, centrum. The principle of vegetative repetition is manifested, fishes, by the numerous centres of ossification, from which shoot out bony rays affording ad- ditional strength to many of the intermuscular aponeuroses. In this system of bones may be ranked those spines which arc attached to, or near to, the heads of the ribs, and extend upward, outward, and backward, between the dorsal and lateral masses of muscles, fig. 32, i p, fig. 21, pi, a. These 'scleral' spines are termed, according to the vertel^ral element they may adhere to, ' epineurals,' ' epicen- trals,' and ' ei)ipleurals'; though each may shift its place, rising or falling gradually along the series of vertebra;. All three kinds are present in the herring, fig.
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Keywords: ., bookauthorowenrichard18041892, bookcentury1800, bookdecade1860
