. Radiography and radio-therapeutics . patient occasionally spared aneedless operation. What might be termed a migratory stone in the ureter is well illustratedby a case occurring in the practice of Dr. Thurstan Holland of Liverpool,where a large stone was found to occupy a jjosition in the lower ureter andpehas of the kidney alternately. At the operation it was found that theureter was dilated to an enormous extent. Urinary Calculi.—3. In the Bladder.—A vesical calculus may beformed of almost any of the urinary deposits met with, and each has its owncharacteristics. {a) The uric-acid calculus
. Radiography and radio-therapeutics . patient occasionally spared aneedless operation. What might be termed a migratory stone in the ureter is well illustratedby a case occurring in the practice of Dr. Thurstan Holland of Liverpool,where a large stone was found to occupy a jjosition in the lower ureter andpehas of the kidney alternately. At the operation it was found that theureter was dilated to an enormous extent. Urinary Calculi.—3. In the Bladder.—A vesical calculus may beformed of almost any of the urinary deposits met with, and each has its owncharacteristics. {a) The uric-acid calculus is usually oval in shape and flattened, and ofvariable density. On section it is distinctly laminated with a smooth orslightly undulating surface of a brownish colour. It may be crusted withphosphatic material. A pure uric-acid calculus gives a faint shadow radio-graphically. (b) The urate of ammonium calculus is of a similar structure, but oflighter colour. (c) Oxalate of lime calculus is a rough irregular body, not infrequently. Fig. 320.—Large bloim in the variations in the density of the stone are well shown. CALCULUS IN THE BL-\DDER 377 tuberculated or even spiculated. It is extremely hard and dense, of areddish-brown colour, or sometimes black, owing to admixture with is rarely of great size, on account of the irritation caused by its presenceand its slowness of growth. (d) A pure phosphatic calculus is somewhat rare, but any stone or foreignbody is certain to become coated with a phosphatic deposit when chroniccystitis has resulted in alkaline decomposition of the urine. (e) Cystin forms the base of a rare calculus. (/) Xanthine or xanthic oxide is occasionally met with, but is very presence of a calculus in the bladder is readily shown by X-ray examina-tion. Such an examination is most helpful to the surgeon, for it demonstratesthe presence of stone or stones, the number of the calculi present, and tosome extent the position. In all
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