. A manual of therapeutic exercise and massage, designed for the use of physicians, students and masseurs. Fig. 15.—Active extension and passive flexion of knee. frequently than any other system. Zanders apparatus,which are more than seventy in number, are divided into EXERCISES WITH ROPES AND PULLEYS 53 those for active resistive exercise, for passive and for active-passive exercise, for certain massage manipulations, such asfriction, hacking and vibration, and a number of specialapparatus for the treatment of lateral curvature. The apparatus for active exercise are constructed afterthe princ
. A manual of therapeutic exercise and massage, designed for the use of physicians, students and masseurs. Fig. 15.—Active extension and passive flexion of knee. frequently than any other system. Zanders apparatus,which are more than seventy in number, are divided into EXERCISES WITH ROPES AND PULLEYS 53 those for active resistive exercise, for passive and for active-passive exercise, for certain massage manipulations, such asfriction, hacking and vibration, and a number of specialapparatus for the treatment of lateral curvature. The apparatus for active exercise are constructed afterthe principle of the lever; the weight can be changed froma very light, almost balancing, to a very heavy one. Theadvantage of using the lever is, according to Zander, that themuscle does not pull with equal force, but has the optimum O. Fig. 16.—Passive-active flexion and extension of hip and knee. about in the middle and has less strength at the beginningand the end of the contraction. The lever in the activeapparatus is arranged so that the optimum of the muscularwork corresponds to the horizontal position of the principle has been disputed by Max Herz, who by exactmeasurements found that the maximum amount of work ofthe muscle in varying position will result in a curve differentfor each joint. He calls this curve the joint-musclediagram, and has constructed his apparatus in such away that the resistive exercise is done in accordance with 54 APPARATUS, SPORTS AND GAMES that diagram. The differences seem to the author to behirgely theoretical, for it cannot be denied that Zandersapparatus serve the purpose very well indeed. A number of Zanders as well as Herz apparatus areconstructed with a turning wheel, the centrifugal power ofwhich helps to promote active exercise, giving it rather anactive-passive c
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