. The biology of the frog . ring. Fig. 44. — Respiratory organs of the frog. A, ventral aspect. The rightlung, r. lug, has been laid open to show the inner surface. In B thelarynx has been cut through the middle, and the right half of the larynxand right lung are seen from the side, ar, arytenoid cartilage; b. hy,main part of the hyoid; gl, glottis; , laryngo-tracheal chamber;p. c. hy, posterior horn of hyoid ; v. cd, vocal cord. (After Howes.) the lungs. The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of semilunarvalves, which rest upon the cricoid cartilage; their upper CIZ. m Fig. 45. — Cartilage
. The biology of the frog . ring. Fig. 44. — Respiratory organs of the frog. A, ventral aspect. The rightlung, r. lug, has been laid open to show the inner surface. In B thelarynx has been cut through the middle, and the right half of the larynxand right lung are seen from the side, ar, arytenoid cartilage; b. hy,main part of the hyoid; gl, glottis; , laryngo-tracheal chamber;p. c. hy, posterior horn of hyoid ; v. cd, vocal cord. (After Howes.) the lungs. The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of semilunarvalves, which rest upon the cricoid cartilage; their upper CIZ. m Fig. 45. — Cartilages of the larynx of the frog. A, from above; B, fromthe side; Ca, arytenoid cartilage; C. Z1 to C. /4, cricoid cartilage; P,expansion of the cricoid; Sp, spinous process of the cricoid; * * *,prominences of the arytenoids. (After Wiedersheim.). edges form the lateral margins of the glottis; they afford vin THE VOCAL AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS 167 attachment to muscles by which the glottis may be openedor closed. The true sound-producing organs consist of apair of elastic bands, the vocal cordsy extending longitudi-nally across the larynx. They may easily be seen from aboveby spreading apart the two sides of the glottis, or from belowby removing the membranous floor of the laryngeal median edges are thickened and lie near each otherin the middle line. Sound is produced by the expulsion ofair from the lungs which sets the free edges of the vocalcords in vibration. Variations in the sound are caused byaltering the tension on the cords through the action of thelaryngeal muscles. The vocal apparatus of the male frog ismuch larger than that of the female. The males of many species of Rana possess a pair ofvocal sacs situated at the sides of the pharynx. These sacsare out-pocketings of the pharyngeal wall which extendbackw
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