. The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 4); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . ybeen said, but also by the similarity between the Greekcharacter gamma (T) and the Phoenician charactertan. The latter has been famous since Apostolictimes as a symbol of the Cross of Christ and of the Re-demption (cf. Bamabse Epist., ix, 9). On the crux gammata (swastika) on Christian monumentsand its relation to similar signs on pre-Christian monuments inthe East: MtxTicR, Sinnbilder der alien Christen, 73-85; Lb-TRONNE, Annali deW Jstit.
. The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 4); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . ybeen said, but also by the similarity between the Greekcharacter gamma (T) and the Phoenician charactertan. The latter has been famous since Apostolictimes as a symbol of the Cross of Christ and of the Re-demption (cf. Bamabse Epist., ix, 9). On the crux gammata (swastika) on Christian monumentsand its relation to similar signs on pre-Christian monuments inthe East: MtxTicR, Sinnbilder der alien Christen, 73-85; Lb-TRONNE, Annali deW Jstit. di Corr. Arch. (1843), 122; Rochette,Mem. del academic des inscriptions, pi. II, 302 sq.; Minervini,Bull. Arch. .Vap., Ser. 2. II, 178, 179; Cavet>oni, Ragguaglio didue antichi cimiteri di Chiusi, 70; Garrucci, Vetri (2d ed.),242, 243; MuNz, Archdologische iiber das Kreuz,25, 26. The so-called Constantinian monogram prevailed dur-ing the whole of the fourth century, assuming variousforms, and combining with the apocalyptic letters Aand ft (see Alpha and Omega), but ever approachingmore and more closely to the form of the cross pure. Z O o O <: a 3 - U CROSS 523 CROSS and simple. In the latter part of that century what isknown as the monogrammatic cross ^P makesits appearance; it closely resembles the T^ plaincross, and foreshadows its complete triumph in Chris-tian art. The early years of the fifth century are ofthe highest importance in this development, becauseit was then that the undisguised cross first we have seen, such was the diffidence induced, andthe habit of caution enforced, by three centuries ofpersecution, that the faithful had hesitated all thattime to display the sign of Redemption openly andpublicly. Constantine by the Edict of Milan had givendefinitive peace to the Church; yet, for another centurythe faithful did not judge it opportune to abandon theuse of the Constantinian monogram in one or other ofits many forms But the fifth ce
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