. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Gas hydrate is found in subsurface sediments where physical and chemical conditions permit. When brought to the surface, the hydrate dissociates, releasing the (flammable] methane gas. pressures and low temperatures relies on technological breakthroughs and sustained oil prices. It is accordingly more vulnerable and accident-prone than operations in shallow waters and on land. Furthermore, under current cost/benefit (that is, energy return to energy inv
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Gas hydrate is found in subsurface sediments where physical and chemical conditions permit. When brought to the surface, the hydrate dissociates, releasing the (flammable] methane gas. pressures and low temperatures relies on technological breakthroughs and sustained oil prices. It is accordingly more vulnerable and accident-prone than operations in shallow waters and on land. Furthermore, under current cost/benefit (that is, energy return to energy investment] ratios, deep-water oil remains a marginal source of energy, however, should the combination of world demand and peak Figure : Deep-water oil and gas production Source: OWL. 2005. oil lead to significantly increased oil prices, the story could be completely different. To ensure minimum impacts of deep-sea hydrocarbon exploration and production, the industry needs to better understand, assess, predict, monitor and consequently manage the potential short, medium and long-term impacts that its activities may have on the surrounding environment. To that purpose, more knowledge on deep-sea ecosystems and their environments is needed, as well as improved strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, indicators and monitoring. Ultimately, even if the cumulative adverse effects of hydrocarbon extraction continue to pressure deep-sea bio- diversity, the indirect impacts from the combustion of fossil fuel - in particular, climate change and ocean acidification - remain a far more daunting threat. Deep-sea gas hydrates Context The increasing worldwide demand for energy (and the shortcomings associated with satisfying this demand with fossil fuels, nuclear power or renewable energies] has triggered over the last decade a search for other unconventional energy resources. Gas hydrates, naturally occurring solids lice] composed of frozen water molecules sur
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