. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. I igure 36.—Interior of Beach Sub- way showing iron lining on curved sei tion and the pneumatically pow- ered passenger car. View from waiting room. {Scientific American, March -,, 1870.). Enlarged versions of the Beach shield were used in a few tunnels in the Midwest in the early 1870's, but from then until 1886 the shield method, for no clear reason, again entered a period of disuse finding no application on either side of the Atlantic despite its virtually unqualified proof at the hands of Greathead and Beach. Little precise information r
. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. I igure 36.—Interior of Beach Sub- way showing iron lining on curved sei tion and the pneumatically pow- ered passenger car. View from waiting room. {Scientific American, March -,, 1870.). Enlarged versions of the Beach shield were used in a few tunnels in the Midwest in the early 1870's, but from then until 1886 the shield method, for no clear reason, again entered a period of disuse finding no application on either side of the Atlantic despite its virtually unqualified proof at the hands of Greathead and Beach. Little precise information remains on this work. The Beach system of pneumatic transit is described fully in a well-illustrated booklet published by him in January 1868, in which the American In- stitute model is shown, and many projected systems of pneumatic propulsion as well as of and subaqueous tunneling described. Beach .mam (presumably) is author of the sole contemporary at - count of the Broadway Subway, which appeared in Scientific American following its opening early in 1870. Included are good views of the tunnel and ear. ol the shield in operation, and. most important, a vertical sectional view through the shield (fig It is interesting to note that optical surveys for maintenance of the course apparently were not used. The article illustrated and described the driving each night of a jointed iron rod up through the tunnel roof to the street, twenty or so feet above, for "testing the position.'" THE FIRST HUDSON" RIYLR TUNNEL Despite the ultimate success of Brunei's Thames Tunnel in 1843, the shield in that case afforded only moderately reliable protection because of the fluidity of the soil driven through, and its tendency to enter the works through the smallest opening in the shield's defense. \n English doctoi who had made physio- logical studies ol the effects on workmen of the high air pressure within diving bells is said to have recom- mended to Brunei in 1828 t
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