Fishes . Europe is the Sardinella pilchardus, knownin England as the pilchard. The Sardina de Espana of Isospondyli 277 Cuba is Sardinella pseudohispanica, the sardine of California,Sardinella ccsrulea. Sardinella sagax abounds in Chile, and Sar-diitella nielanosticta is the valued sardine of Japan. In the tropical Pacific occur other valued species, largelybelonging to the genus Kowala. The genus Harengida containssmall species with very large, firm scales which dca not fall whentouched, as is generally the case with the sardines, ilostcommon of these is Harengida sardina of the West
Fishes . Europe is the Sardinella pilchardus, knownin England as the pilchard. The Sardina de Espana of Isospondyli 277 Cuba is Sardinella pseudohispanica, the sardine of California,Sardinella ccsrulea. Sardinella sagax abounds in Chile, and Sar-diitella nielanosticta is the valued sardine of Japan. In the tropical Pacific occur other valued species, largelybelonging to the genus Kowala. The genus Harengida containssmall species with very large, firm scales which dca not fall whentouched, as is generally the case with the sardines, ilostcommon of these is Harengida sardina of the West species occur in southern Europe and in Japan. In Opisthonema, the thread-herring, the last dorsal ray ismuch produced, as in the gizzard-shad and the tarpon. Thetwo species known are abiuidant, but of little commercial im-portance. Of greater value are the menhaden, or the moss-bunker, Brevodrtia tyrannus, inhabiting the sandy coasts fromNew England southward. It is a coarse and bony fish, rarely. -<5^. Fig. 311 —Menhaden, Brevoorlia tyrannus (Latrobe). Woods Hole, Mass. eaten when adult-, although the young in oil makes acceptablesardines. It is used chiefly for oil, the annual yield exceedingin value that of \<hale-oil. The refuse is used as manure, apurpose for which the fishes are often taken without prepara-tion, being carried directly to the cornfields. From its abun-dance this species of inferior flesh exceeds in commercial valuealmost all other American fishes excepting the cod, the herring,and the quinnat salmon. One of the most complete of fish biographies is that of Dr. Goode on the Natural and Economic History of ;\Ien-haden. Numerous other herring-like forms, usually with compressedbodies, dry and bony flesh, and serrated bellies, abound in the 278 Isospondyli tropics and are largely salted and dried by the Chinese. Amongthese are Ilisha elongata of the Chinese coast. Related formsoccur in Mexico and Brazil. The round herrings, small herring
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