. Contributions from the Osborn Botanical Laboratory. Plants. 398 George E. Nichols, sharp line can be drawn between woodlands of this description, which constitute an edaphic climax association-type, and forests of the regional climax type. Essentially the same species may be present in both cases. Here, however, the trees average scarcely twenty-five feet in height, and black spruce may be quite as abundant as balsam, while swamp species, notably Osmimda cinnamomea and the sphagnums, commonly predominate in the undergrowth. Associations of this sort may originate through a. Figure 51.—Summit
. Contributions from the Osborn Botanical Laboratory. Plants. 398 George E. Nichols, sharp line can be drawn between woodlands of this description, which constitute an edaphic climax association-type, and forests of the regional climax type. Essentially the same species may be present in both cases. Here, however, the trees average scarcely twenty-five feet in height, and black spruce may be quite as abundant as balsam, while swamp species, notably Osmimda cinnamomea and the sphagnums, commonly predominate in the undergrowth. Associations of this sort may originate through a. Figure 51.—Summit of low hill in barrens ; mountains west of Ingonish ; vegetation in immediate foreground, dwarf shrub heath; in mid-distance (vicinity of figure and beyond), mainly dwarf shrub-spruce heath. The low, bushy spruce in center foreground was about 150 years old. hydrarch successional series, but more commonly the pioneer stages are xerophytic, the swampy condition being induced very largely through the activity of vegetation in retarding drainage. Parts of the plateau occupied by barrens are commonly skirted on all sides by low woodland, which forms a transition zone between these areas and those congenial to forests of a more mesophytic character. Raised bogs have been developed locally on uplands in the forested region, but these are especially characteristic of the barrens and will be discussed under that Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Osborn Botanical Laboratory. [New Haven?] Osborn Botanical Laboratory, Yale University
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