. The Iron and steel magazine. , asrecommended, is intended primarily as a check method in caseof dispute between different laboratories, or as between buyerand seller. Hence a method accurate in every point was sought,shortness being sacrificed to some extent to insure accuracy orthe chance of error by a careless operator. Little in the above isleft to the judgment of the chemist. It will be further recognized that in the purchase and saleof pig iron or castings under specification, that standard methodsare essential in order to allow the parties of both parts to make 546 Metalluriiical Notes
. The Iron and steel magazine. , asrecommended, is intended primarily as a check method in caseof dispute between different laboratories, or as between buyerand seller. Hence a method accurate in every point was sought,shortness being sacrificed to some extent to insure accuracy orthe chance of error by a careless operator. Little in the above isleft to the judgment of the chemist. It will be further recognized that in the purchase and saleof pig iron or castings under specification, that standard methodsare essential in order to allow the parties of both parts to make 546 Metalluriiical Notes and Comments 547 their determinations with the assurance that, on the score ofmethod, they are on the same footing. A New Method of Preventing Pipes in Large Ingots.* — In the manufacture of large steel ingots for forgings or other pur-poses it is often necessary to allow for a discard as high as 25 or30 per cent of the total weight on account of the pipe formedas the metal contracts in cooling. The use of a sink head lined. Fig. I. End Elevation with fire clay or other refractory material, for the purpose ofkeeping the top of the ingot longer molten, is successful to acertain extent and results in a shorter pipe, but does not alto-gether eliminate the piping. Covering the molten metal withcharcoal or similar material has the great disadvantage that aconsiderable carburization of the upper third of the ingot often * From F. O. Beikirch, in Stahl und Eisen. Iron Age, October5. 1905- 548 The Iron and Steel Magazine results, while if slag or sand is used a portion is often drawn intothe interior. The use of hydraulic pressure to compress the steelwhile passing from the molten to the solid state has the desiredeffect, but the cost of installing and operating machinery for thispurpose is in most cases prohibitive. The process here described, which in most countries is pro-tected by patents, has been in use for a year at the Gutehoff-
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