Iran/France: European depiction of the Persian (Iranian) doctor Al-Razi, in Gerardus Cremonensis 'Recueil des traités de médecine', 1250-1260. A surgeon (left) holds the matula, a vessel for collecting the urine. Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī/Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi (26 August 865 - 925), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and scholar. Numerous 'firsts' in medical research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles.

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