. Economic Papers. dge, and good carpenters level are usually allthe tools necessary to do the staking out. It is convenient to re-member that the sides of a right triangle are in the ratio 3 :4:5. Forexample, when the zero and 12 ft. marks on the tape are held together,and the 3 ft. and 7 ft. marks held along a wall the zero is perpendicularto the wall. Except in waterwaysf requiring a guard rail it is neither necessarynor advisable that the tops of both parapet walls be at the same eleva-tion. Methods of Design: All the culverts and bridges illustrated in thisbulletin are designed to support
. Economic Papers. dge, and good carpenters level are usually allthe tools necessary to do the staking out. It is convenient to re-member that the sides of a right triangle are in the ratio 3 :4:5. Forexample, when the zero and 12 ft. marks on the tape are held together,and the 3 ft. and 7 ft. marks held along a wall the zero is perpendicularto the wall. Except in waterwaysf requiring a guard rail it is neither necessarynor advisable that the tops of both parapet walls be at the same eleva-tion. Methods of Design: All the culverts and bridges illustrated in thisbulletin are designed to support a 15-ton road roller. 1:2:4 concreteis used for all slabs, beams, parapet walls, a-nd reinforced :2i :5 concrete is used in side walls and foundations. The concretein beams and slabs is designed to be stressed to 700 pounds per squareinch. The reinforcing steel is computed for plain square bars of mildsteel with an allowable stress of 16,000 pounds per square inch. Round, 38 CULVERTS AND SMALL BRIDGES FOR. N. C. Gfolo
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