. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. 136 MOOI AND AC. GILL. EPAX Fig. 19 Epaxial musculature in the gadid Urophycis regia (MPM 31175, mm SL). Individual slips of muscle extend from the main epaxialis body to insert on the dorsal-fin pterygiophore shafts under the depressores dorsales. Abbreviations and other methods of presentation as in Figs 1, 3. Scale bars = 5 mm. tigation of epaxial muscle variation elucidates is the need to shrug off the strait jacket of present classifications when investigating phylogeny of higher taxa. This is particularly true when the taxa are
. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. 136 MOOI AND AC. GILL. EPAX Fig. 19 Epaxial musculature in the gadid Urophycis regia (MPM 31175, mm SL). Individual slips of muscle extend from the main epaxialis body to insert on the dorsal-fin pterygiophore shafts under the depressores dorsales. Abbreviations and other methods of presentation as in Figs 1, 3. Scale bars = 5 mm. tigation of epaxial muscle variation elucidates is the need to shrug off the strait jacket of present classifications when investigating phylogeny of higher taxa. This is particularly true when the taxa are already recognized as non- monophyletic, undefined, or poorly defined (, Percoidei, Perciformes, Paracanthopterygii), but have in essence been reified over time. It is necessary to look beyond the tradi- tional taxonomic boundaries, not only when dealing with undefined groups such as the percoids, but also when investi- gating apparently well-defined or well-established taxa such as the scorpaenoids and trachinoids. Epaxial muscle inser- tions to dorsal-fin pterygiophores provide one character complex that illustrates the potential and novel relationships that such an approach can suggest. These possible relation- ships await rejection or corroboration from similar studies of additional characters. Acknowledgements. Specimens were kindly made available by: Mary Anne Rogers, Kevin Swagel, Mark Westneat (FMNH), Tony Harold, Marty Rouse, Rick Winterbottom (ROM), Susan Jewett, Lisa Palmer, Dave Johnson (USNM), Norma Feinberg, Melanie Stiassny (AMNH), Mark McGrouther, Sally Reader, Tom Trnski (AMS), Oliver Crimmen, Anne-Marie Hodges (BMNH). Earlier drafts of this manuscript were reviewed by the late Humphry Greenwood, Dave Johnson, Jeff Leis, Nigel Merrett, Colin Patter- son, Darrell Siebert and Vic Springer; their comments were greatly appreciated. This material is based upon work supported by Smithso- nian postdoctoral fellowships (RDM, ACG), a Lerner-Gray Research Fellowship
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